AI in Finance and Accounting: A Strategic Roadmap

Finance and accounting (F&A) are critical to the operational efficiency and strategic decision-making of any business. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) presents a transformative opportunity for these functions. This article analyzes manual, analytical, and strategic activities within these functions and determines the most optimal AI adoption roadmap.

1. Nature of Activities in F&A Functions

Procure to Pay (P2P): This function involves ordering goods and services, receiving them, and processing payments to suppliers. It is high in manual activities due to numerous transactional processes and medium in analytical activities for optimizing cash outflow and vendor rationalizations.
Order to Cash (O2C): This function involves receiving an order to deliver the product or service and collecting payment from the customer. It is high in manual activities for order processing and collections and medium in analytical for credit risk and cash flow forecasting. It is medium in strategic activities for maximizing customer relationships and revenue.
Expense Management: This function involves processing expenses incurred by the company to ensure they are within policy and accounted for correctly. It is high in manual activities for processing reimbursements and medium in analytical activities for monitoring costs and compliance.
Tax and Compliance: This function ensures that the organization complies with tax laws and regulations, and manages tax planning and filing. It is medium in manual activities for regular reporting and high in both analytical and strategic activities due to the complex nature of tax planning and compliance.
Treasury: This function manages the organizations cash and financial risk, focusing on liquidity management, funding, and investment strategies. It is medium in manual activities for cash handling and high in both analytical and strategic activities for managing financial risks and investment strategies.
Financial Planning & Analysis (FP&A): This function focuses on budgeting, forecasting, and helping management make strategic data-driven decisions. It is low in manual activities due to already available automation and high in analytical and strategic activities, as it provides the basis for strategic decisions.
Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A): This function deals with the financial, legal, and operational aspects of acquiring businesses or merging with other companies. It is low in manual activities and high in analytical and strategic activities, given its impact on company valuation and strategic growth opportunities.

The following table estimates the volume of manual, analytical, and strategic activities in these functions as high, medium, or low:

Functions	Manual	Analytical	Strategic
Procure to Pay	High	Medium	Low
Order to Cash	High	Medium	Medium
Expense Management	High	Medium	Low
Tax and Compliance	Medium	High	High
Treasury	Medium	High	High
Financial Planning & Analysis	Low	High	High
Mergers & Acquisitions	Low	High	High

The next-generation AI technologies are mature and can be applied well in Finance and Accounting with a significant financial impact. We recommend prioritizing the Procure-to-Pay, Order-to-Cash, and Expense Management functions for AI adoption.

2. The AI Revolution Opens a Path to New Automation

AI techniques for interpreting unstructured data have advanced significantly in recent years. These techniques now permit what was previously considered human-level intelligence tasks.

Transformer-based frameworks allow for unstructured content understanding, language generation as well as predictive tasks. Large Language Models (LLMs) accelerate the ability of AI systems in language understanding, information retrieval, summarization, text generation, and conversational AI. Data-driven econometrics models for forecasting and trend analysis enable numeric and financial data analysis.

In finance automation, this is how these AI techniques can radically transform each of these tasks:

Classification: To begin with, transformer-based frameworks and LLMs can perform preprocessing tasks for extraction, like document classification, spam detection, selection, filtering, assessment and enhancements of the document before proceeding with data extraction.
Extraction: This is where transformer-based frameworks and LLMs together help make sense of unstructured data extracted from documents. Its like OCR but way smarter. For example, OCR may extract information from PDF documents like invoices, but it will not understand or interpret what that information means.
Interpretation: LLMs and other fine-tuned techniques coded on top of LLMs understand the meaning of numbers and text. It interprets this extracted data and converts it into finance and accounting structured data. Then, by tagging this information with labels used in AP like penalty date, and unit price, it can now draw inferences out of this information like the availability of a discount opportunity using math reasoning. It augments data where it is missing both from within the invoice and the ERP by using accounting business rules. For instance, it can infer the payment due date from a phrase extracted from the invoice which merely states the payment term to be Net 30.
Matching: In the case of AP, interpreted data from invoices is then matched against POs and GRN/SRN data from the ERP.
Recommendations: Now that the AI has interpreted, augmented, and validated the data, matched and even inferred insights from it, it is ready to make recommendations. For instance, it can tell you which expenses are due for accruals for the month, which GL to post a particular invoice to, or whether to capitalize an expense or not. These recommendation models are highly contextualized and based on a companys chart of accounts.
Reasoning: (via root-cause analysis) allows for summarization in the natural language of what action a user can take based on the outcome of the matching and recommendations. For example, a failed match may be routed via a predefined workflow to an AP clerk with an explanation for them to take action. On the other hand, the matched set of invoices can go for straight-through posting to GL without human oversight.
Forecasting: Based on deep learning and historical data, AI can do forecasting, trend and financial data analysis helping in cash flow predictions.
Communication: All system communication is summarized in natural language for the user (human-in-the-loop) and translated as nudges in the form of in-app and email notifications.
Conversations: Chatbot-like assistant that allows users to ask questions and get answers from the assistant. It generates actionable insights, reports, analytics and dashboards on the fly. For ianstance, say a user queries the agent aboty
Feedback: Captures human feedback and helps the model to learn. For instance, if the AI recommends a particular GL but the AP cleck keeps changing it, it will learn and stop recommending that GL again.

The structured and orderly nature of finance processes, underpinned by a robust ERP knowledge base, provides a solid foundation to leverage sophisticated machine learning and AI methodologies. Now is an opportune moment to invest in the adoption of AI-native strategies for a substantial positive business impact.

3. The AI Applications in Finance & Accounting

3.1 Procure to Pay

The P2P function involves numerous repetitive and manual activities where AI can significantly increase efficiency and reduce errors.

AI Capabilities	Readiness
Uses machine learning and LLMs to achieve straight-through processing for 80% of invoices. This includes automated invoice extraction, understanding, validation, matching, GL coding, and posting	Short-term
Uses forecasting systems to automate accruals	Short-term
Uses predictive and prescriptive models for optimal vendor payment timings	Short-term
Uses advanced ML techniques to detect fraudulent and duplicate invoices	Short-term
Uses classification techniques to classify expenses for capitalization	Short-term
Uses AI models and tax dictionaries to verify the sales and other types of applicable taxes	Short-term
Builds company and F&A-specific conversational AI models to provide chatGPT-like analytics	Medium-term
Optimizes vendor selection using predictive analytics	Medium-term

3.2 Order to Cash

The O2C function is also highly manual and prone to AI automation.

AI Capabilities	Readiness
Uses machine learning and text processing techniques to extract and validate purchase order information from customers PO documents and contracts and auto-uploads information into the ERP system, resulting in 95% plus automation	Short-term
Uses advanced AI techniques to generate customer invoices based on purchase orders, customer master, inventory, and shipment information to generate 100% First Time Right (FTR) invoice.	Short-term
Uses recommender systems to create a daily/weekly priority list of customers for collections.	Short-term
Uses dynamic models to enhance customer credit scoring	Short-term
Uses advanced data science techniques for cash management including discovery of discrepancies, over and under-payments	Short-term
Uses generative AI to automatically communicate with customers on invoices and payments, including follow-ups	Short-term
Uses generative AI for conversational analytics on O2C data	Medium-term

3.3 Expense Management

Employee expense management continues to be tedious for employees and the finance teams. This process can make use of AI to achieve a very high degree of automation.

AI Capabilities	Readiness
Uses image and text processing techniques to automatically extract information from receipts and bills, and validate and auto-create expense reports for employees.	Short-term
Uses machine learning techniques to verify expense reports against policies and proofs.	Short-term
Uses advanced ML techniques to detect fraudulent and duplicate expenses.	Short-term
Uses classification techniques to identify the correct GL code for each expense	Short-term
Uses generative AI to communicate and answer employee queries	Medium-term

3.4 Tax and Compliance

AI has a high potential to optimize and streamline the tax and compliance function.

AI Capabilities	Readiness
Automates collection and validation of data required to file tax returns, ensuring higher accuracy and reduced human effort	Medium-term
Applies the correct withholding rates based on payer and recipient jurisdiction, reducing errors	Medium-term
Helps organize documentation related to taxation for audit purposes	Long-term
Tracks applicable sales and use taxes across jurisdictions, ensuring accurate application to transactions	Long-term
Uses generative AI to map financial statements to the latest reporting standards. Facilitates SOX compliance	Long-term

3.5 Treasury

AI can provide substantial value by automating routine activities and improving decision-making in treasury management.

AI Capabilities	Readiness
Machine learning models analyze historical cash flow patterns to predict future cash needs.	Medium- term
Monitors cash balances across accounts and recommends the most efficient pooling techniques.	Medium- term
Compares fee structures across banks, helping to negotiate better terms.	Long-term
It uses advanced predictive models to assess market risks and helps optimize long-term portfolio allocation. It also recommends low-risk, high-return, short-term investment opportunities.	Long-term
Predicts currency fluctuations to help develop effective hedging strategies. Identifies forex arbitrage opportunities.	Long-term
Builds models to identify market and operational risks using various internal and external debts.	Long-term

3.6 Financial Planning & Analysis

FP&A involves many analytical and strategic activities. AI can help improve decision-making for these activities.

Automates the data extraction from structured and unstructured sources like documents and ERPs	Long-term
Analyzes the historical data to build predictive budgets and rolling forecasts	Long-term
Simulates scenarios and recommends outcomes	Long-term
Helps in variance analysis between planned and actual budgets	Long-term
Analyzes capital allocations and predicts ROI using historical data	Long-term
Predicts future cashflows based on historical trends	Long-term

3.7 Mergers and Acquisitions

AI can play a significant role in M&A, improving efficiency and strategic decision-making.

AI Capabilities	Readiness
Analyzes financial reports and news articles to assess potential targets.	Long-term
Builds sophisticated financial models using machine learning to provide a more accurate valuation of the target companies.	Long-term
Analyzes contracts and other financial statements for risks and liabilities.	Long-term
Identifies and predicts potential risks.	Long-term
Provides data-backed insights into potential negotiation points.	Long-term

4. Financial Impact of AI on Finance & Accounting

Now that we have analyzed the specific AI-based automation of the above finance functions, we can estimate the financial impact it can create.

P2P: The AI-led P2P transformation has a high financial impact (significant cost reduction) as all highly manual activities, such as invoice processing, tax verification, GL posting, accruals, vendor payments, and capitalization, are fully automated.
O2C: The AI-led O2C transformation also has a high financial impact, as manual activities such as order processing, invoice generation, collections, and cash management are highly automated.
Expense Management: The application of AI has a high financial impact when the automation of expense report creation (for employees) and straight-through processing of expenses (for the finance team) is achieved.
Tax and Compliance: AI facilitates better compliance and efficiency in tax processes; however, the direct cost savings are moderate compared to areas with more repetitive tasks, so there is a mediumfinancial impact.
Treasury: AI-driven improvements in liquidity management and investment decisions contribute to better financial health and potential savings. Still, these are more strategic than direct cost-cutting, so the financial impact is medium.
FP&A: While AI significantly enhances accuracy and efficiency in FP&A tasks, the cost savings are more indirect, derived from better strategic decisions rather than direct cost reductions. Hence, the financial impact is low.
M&A: AI helps streamline the due diligence process and improve accuracy in valuations, but the nature of M&A involves high-value, low-frequency transactions where the primary benefits are strategic insight and risk reduction rather than direct cost savings, so the financial impact is low.

5. AI Adoption Roadmap in Finance & Accounting

Having evaluated the financial impact on all F&A functions, we can recommend the AI adoption roadmap.

P2P: The application of AI in P2P leads to high financial impact, optimized business processes, improved vendor satisfaction, and reduced cash outflow, so we recommend this as the first high-priority function for AI adoption in the short term.
O2C: The application of AI in O2C leads to high financial impact, significant reduction in DSO, optimized business process, improved customer satisfaction, and enhanced cash inflow. Therefore, we recommend this function as the second priority for AI automation in the short term.
Expense Management: AI automation leads to improved employee satisfaction and high financial impact. Hence, we recommend implementing AI as a third-priority business function in the shortterm.
Tax and Compliance: While AI facilitates better compliance and efficiency, the financial impact is medium, so we recommend this for AI adoption in the medium term.
Treasury: AI-driven improvements are more strategic than direct cost-cutting. Hence, we recommend this as a lower priority for AI adoption and one that can be done in the medium term.
FP&A: We recommend adopting AI automation for FP&A in the long term, as the financial impact is low.
M&A: We recommend that AI automation for these activities be done long-term as the direct ROI is relatively low.

6. Conclusion

The AI Advantage in Finance Function: Beyond Traditional Automation

The shift from traditional workflow automation to AI-enhanced processes in finance represents a leap toward more intelligent, adaptive, and strategic financial management. AI’s ability to learn and improve over time, predict future trends, and provide deep insights into financial data offers CFOs powerful tools to drive efficiency, compliance, and strategic decision-making. While traditional automation streamlines tasks based on rules and workflow, AI introduces a level of sophistication and analytical depth that transforms finance functions into proactive, strategic pillars of the organization.

The table below highlights the evolution from traditional automation, to AI-led automation.

FINANCE FUNCTION	TRADITIONAL WORKFLOW AUTOMATION	AI-LED AUTOMATION
Procure to Pay (P2P)	Automates workflow, payment processing, and basic vendor management tasks based on predefined rules. Each invoice needs to be reviewed by a human.	Uses machine learning to improve invoice processing accuracy over time, predicts optimal payment timings for cash flow management, and detects fraudulent invoices through pattern analysis. Enables straight-through processing for 80% of invoices.
Order to Cash (O2C)	Focuses on automating order entry, credit checks based on static criteria, and straightforward dunning processes for overdue accounts.	Enhances credit scoring with dynamic models, automates personalized dunning campaigns using customer data to improve collections, and predicts future payment behaviors for credit risk management.
Financial Planning & Analysis (FP&A)	Streamlines data aggregation for budgeting and forecasting, relying on historical data and linear projections.	Utilizes predictive analytics for forward-looking insights, identifies trends and anomalies, and simulates various business conditions for strategic planning, offering adaptable FP&A.
Expense Management	Simplifies expense report submission and approval processes, enforcing policy compliance through rule-based checks. Each expense needs to be reviewed by a human.	Employs NLP and machine learning for detailed expense report audits, identifies policy violations and fraudulent patterns, and personalizes reporting guidance to reduce errors. Enables straight-through processing for 80% of expenses, and receipts.
Treasury	Automates cash management and forecasting based on historical cash flow patterns and executes predefined investment strategies.	Leverages advanced analytics for accurate cash flow forecasting, recommends investment strategies by analyzing market trends and the company’s financial health, and adapts to real-time market conditions.
Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A)	Supports data room management and basic due diligence automation, relying on manual analysis for valuation and integration planning.	Automates in-depth financial, operational, and market data analysis to uncover insights, predicts integration success, identifies synergies and red flags, and optimizes deal structuring based on strategic objectives.
Tax and Compliance	Facilitates tax calculation, filing, and basic compliance monitoring through rule-based systems.	Automates complex tax planning strategies, monitors compliance with changing regulations using predictive analytics, identifies potential compliance risks, and adapts to new tax laws and regulations for tax filing and reporting

This detailed look at AI’s impact across various finance processes underscores the need for CFOs to embrace AI technologies, not just for the operational efficiencies they bring but for their potential to fundamentally redefine how finance supports and drives business strategy.